Saturday, January 5, 2013

Essential ®eading: The Google Shortcut to Trademark Law

From the Yale Law School Information Society Project, Lisa Larrimore Ouellette has written a compelling companion article that highlights many of the important issues she recently discussed at a presentation delivered at Oxford University.

Click here to download the article

To provide our readers with a preview and overview of the truly important read for trademark practitioners and intellectual property law academics alike, we borrow from the abstract she has used to describe the thesis and contents of the 52 page paper, a paper sure to be receiving much justified attention in the coming months in the legal community and the IP law community in particular.

Borrowing from her abstract, her paper contends the following with respect to the value and utility of the Google Search Engine and its ability to function as a primary reliable source when seeking to determine the strength of a trademark and the likelihood that a particular trademark will be or is being confused with another trademark or several existing trademarks:

"The strength of a trademark — the extent to which consumers view the mark as identifying a particular source — is difficult to evaluate in practice. Assessments of “inherent distinctiveness” are highly subjective, survey evidence is expensive and unreliable, and other “commercial strength” factors such as advertising spending are poor proxies for consumer perceptions. Courts often fall back on heuristics and intuition rather than precise logical analysis.

But there is a simpler way to determine whether, when people look for a mark, they mean to find a certain product: Google. Google dominates the web search market by correctly predicting what people think of when they type a word or phrase, and Google results thus can increase the predictability and accuracy of the subjective tests in trademark law. Courts have generally given online search results little weight in offline trademark disputes. But the key factual questions in these cases depend on the wisdom of the crowds rather than expert judgment, making Google’s “algorithmic authority” highly probative.

Through a study of federal trademark cases and contemporaneous search results, I argue that Google can generally capture both prongs of the test for trademark strength: if a mark is strong — either inherently distinctive or commercially strong—then many top search results for that mark relate to the source it identifies. The extent of search overlap between two different marks can also be relevant for assessing the likelihood of confusion of those marks. In the cases where Google and the court disagree, I argue that Google more accurately reflects how consumers view a given mark."  (
Ouellette, Lisa Larrimore, The Google Shortcut to Trademark Law (January 3, 2013). Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2195989).

As the Internet and Internet searches become an increasingly ubiquitous part of our society and their use as evidence in trials and as part of the trademark examination process increases, it will be interesting to see how the thesis presented in this paper holds up and whether courts and administrative agencies are resistant to the role of internet searches increasing and as such reticent of these online tools being given too much recognition or probative value in determinations of trademark strength and likelihood of confusion with other trademarks.   

Monday, December 24, 2012

Did the Estate of Mario Puzzo Make Paramount an Offer They Couldn't Refuse?

In a new development in the dispute between the Puzo Estate and Paramount Pictures, Paramount Pictures and Mario Puzo's heirs agreed to drop legal action that began when the movie studio sued "The Godfather" author's estate to prevent the publication of a sequel to the novel about a Mafia family.

The parties voluntarily dismissed the lawsuit, according to a stipulation filed Thursday in federal court in Manhattan. No details were given.

According to an article in The Portland Press Herald:

"Paramount said in its complaint that after Puzo died in 1999, the company agreed to allow Bertelsmann's Random House to publish one "Godfather" sequel, "The Godfather Returns," which came out in 2004. The estate published another novel, "The Godfather's Revenge," in 2006, without Paramount's approval, the studio said. Paramount sued after the estate announced a plan to publish a third sequel, "The Family Corleone."
The sequel, written by Ed Falco, was published in May by Grand Central Publishing, a unit of Paris-based Hachette Livre. The terms of an interim settlement reached earlier this year stated that proceeds from the book would be put in escrow pending the outcome of the litigation, court papers said.
Paramount claimed the Puzo estate infringed its copyright with the publication of the novel and infringed its trademark with the design of the book. Puzo's heirs said that the contract between the late author and the studio gave him certain rights, including book publishing."


While the real "mafia" is reportedly a shell of its former self and its various iterations exist on the fringes of a society well aware of its ruthless nature, its archaic and loosely adhered to code of honor (thank you RICCO and automated 25-life sentencing), and its indefensible methods of ensuring compliance with its demands and resolution of its disputes, this present dispute, while reports reflect an innocuous transgression of events, does cause one to take pause and wonder if there is a studio head at Paramount with a headless horse or barely survived an unwelcome visit from a real life Luca Brasi.  

Thursday, October 25, 2012

Brand of Interest: Presidio Sports


Presidio Sports is an online sports website based in Santa Barbara, California which covers local sports and those athletes or events with some form of connection to the region.  The site has found success in its goal to be one of the first regional sports websites to effectively replace its printed newspaper counterpart, an achievement rooted in its ability to capitalize on the increasing limitations of printed journalism.  Presidio Sports emerged as a viable alternative to other sources of sports news coverage in the Santa Barbara area by offering what both local newspapers and national media outlets could not.

Unlike local newspaper coverage, Presidio Sports had the ability to offer readers the benefits of real time reporting and free news coverage, two significant advantages local newspapers are unable to offer its readers.  Unlike national media outlets, whether online websites such as ESPN or national newspapers such as the L.A. Time, Presidio Sports brand and operations are deeply rooted in the Santa Barbara community and focused solely on local sports stories and local event coverage from the high school to professional level.

In some cases, national sports stories are featured when there is some connection to the Santa Barbara area, for instance, when a professional sports figure gains national attention and grew up in the area of attended UCSB, Presidio Sports will cover such stories without deviating from the brands focus on local sports coverage.

Founder, John Dvorak, came up with the idea for the website while working in the sports section of the Santa Barbara News Press.  Frustrated with the limitations of printed media and the dwindling readership that was increasingly impacting newspapers both locally and nationally, he took his passion for sports reporting and brought it to the Internet, a transition that was ahead of its time when the site launched but is now the trend followed by almost all printed media publications.   Now century old media brands such as Newsweek have only just recently transitioned their publications to an online only format.

Through local strategic partnerships, the integration of audio-visual content, real-time reporting, strong relationships with local sports programs and the schools where they are based, and the hard work of a small but talented group of local journalists, Presidio Sports is not only a case study for the successful transition to online news reporting, but also exemplifies the increasing need for news publications to successfully monetize their websites as advertising revenue is being redistributed from printed newspapers to other advertising platforms.

Presidio Sports has weathered the first few years since its launch and has found success by embracing the online media platform that was the premise behind the brand since its inception.  Given its growing readership and its ability to offer those benefits afforded to the users of online platforms (live streaming of sporting events, lower overhead, and more creative advertising opportunities), Presidio Sports is well situated to become not only a viable alternative to local and national newspapers in the Santa Barbara area, but the leader in local sports coverage in Southern California.  Don't be surprised to see many other publications follow suit, and be ready for Presidio Sports to one day be the trusted source of sports journalism in your area as well. 

Click here to take a look at the Presidio Sports website. 

Wednesday, October 24, 2012

The TEBOWING TM: Press Fumbles With Trademark Law

Intellectual Property Law is a complicated area of law, yet high profile copyright, patent, and trademark cases have caught the public's imagination and intellectual property law is now a niche topic in mainstream news reporting.

The recent Samsung v. Apple patent dispute (one of seemingly hundreds of domestic and international disputes between the two stalwarts of all things tech), for all of the complexities of a mobile phone patent dispute, was widely reported by national newspapers and magazines, less for the implications of the decision on future mobile technology patent disputes, but more likely because the public is fascinated by, and many involved with, the battle for mobile phone and tablet supremacy between the two tech giants.

Trademark law, the benchmark intellectual property right in brand development and protection efforts, has increasingly been the focus of mainstream news reporting.  What these reports have mostly demonstrated to those with a background in intellectual property law is that trademarks have proven as misunderstood as they have proved fascinating to reporters and the public alike.

For each trademark application and dispute that receives the attention of the mainstream media, there are often instances of inaccurate reporting on the implications of and the law behind the story being reported.  This increase in reporting has led many to believe they have an understanding of legal issues that many legal practitioners themselves have trouble sometimes fully comprehending.   

No recent news reporting has more clearly demonstrated this pervasive absence of accurate reporting than the widely covered filing of the TEBOWING trademarks by Tim Tebow.  Through these reports, the public has been led to believe, sometimes through inflammatory claims, that the enigmatic football player owns the right to kneeling into a prayer stance in the manner his fans and foes have labeled TEBOWING.

I knew there was a problem recently when a Twitter search of TEBOWING mostly produced warnings to the public about the possible legal implications for those who continued to do the kneeling prayer stance now that Tim Tebow had secured rights in the TEBOWING trademark.  This public fear was in most cases the byproduct of warnings present on sports news sites, social media platforms, and even in nationally reputable news outlets that because Tebow has secured rights in the TEBOWING trademark, the public need be cautious when mimicking the famous TEBOWING prayer celebration.  Those with even a basic understanding of U.S. trademark law should immediately be wary of these reports, as they plainly overshadow the purpose of trademark law and the limitations on what protection is offered to the owners of United States trademark rights.

First, after a cursory review of the seven TEBOWING trademark applications on the USPTO, it is apparent that Tim Tebow is the owner of the TEBOWING wording as used in connection with the promotion, offering and sale of various goods and services.  These trademark rights do not reference nor ultimately protect Tebow's prayer celebration known as TEBOWING, and it would be counter to trademark law for the United States government to offer protection to such a public act of celebration particularly when not used in connection with any goods or services, but rather in connection with a live celebration within the context of a football game.

Here are several points to take away from the reporting on the TEBOWING trademark applications:
  • If the celebratory prayer were to be offered intellectual property protection, it would most likely be, although probably a stretch still, in the form of pantomime copyright protection, the form of protection offered to detailed choreography dance routines.  
  • Another possibility would be a design logo trademark application that reflected Tim Tebow in his popular kneeling prayer stance, but even then, it would have to be in connection with a specific offering and sale of goods or services, and would not entitle the trademark owner to prevent members of the public from doing an identical or nearly identical celebration in the context of a football game or some other form of public display. 
  • The reporting by numerous news outlets leads to false reporting and thus an inaccurate understanding by the public as to what a trademark is, what it protects, and what it entitles the owner to protection for and what it prevents the public from doing.  This misunderstanding can undermine the very point of the trademark registration system, as reputable news agencies have now themselves led the public to believe, and even fear, they could be liable for copying the popular prayer celebration known as TEBOWING.  
  • Fortunately, as Tebow is relegated to the bench at present, and can't seem to throw a touchdown pass more than 5 yards away, the world of football has been deprived of the TEBOWING celebration for quite some time, something that may be more common on T-shirts than on the football field for the foreseeable future.  
As intellectual property has become more popular in both practice and in the public's discussion of legal issues, it is important that practitioners do their best to offer explanations of these legal topics in ways that sufficiently explain the nuances of the various types of intellectual property rights but also educate the news agencies and members of the public as to the importance of responsible reporting.  Intellectual property rights are only as valuable as the protection they offer and the credibility they have with members of the public, something that can be undermined by such instances of inaccurate reporting.